第350章 鞑子的贵族叫旗人 求月票(1 / 1)
陈德兴对八旗制度,其实是有一些了解的。看书神器.yankuai.这和他前世的生活经历有关。他的前世当然是汉人,不过却生活在一个满族人相当多的城市中。从小学到高中,都有不少满族同学。常听他们说起“祖上如何如何”。而且陈德兴年少时,正是清宫鞭子戏大行其道的时候,他也因此培养出了一些对满族民族历史和文化的兴趣。后来还在网上查找过不少类似的网文,当然也看过某位很可能是包衣阿哈出生的满学大师讲的“明亡清兴六十年”。
而在阅读了不少相关资料之后,陈德兴得出的结论便是——满族其实是用八旗制度生造出来的民族!原本的八旗,应该是一个军事特权集团的名号。所谓旗人,和陈德兴的士,日本的武士一样,不过是军事贵族罢了。后来却固化成了一个统治民族。
而八旗制度原本就是一个军事特权集团的规章!如何组织,如何分赃,如何享受内部福利,都是非常齐全的。但是当这套制度生造出一个民族,并且对外封闭,基本不再接纳新鲜血液之后,便成了一个相当坑爹的体制。
历史上满人没有因为八旗制度绝种,完全是因为运气逆天!反正中国历史再也找不出第二个比满人更走运的统治民族或统治集团了。
因为八旗制度有两个极为致命的弱点,一是“计划生育效应”;二是世袭兵城市化。
众所周知,满人是不和汉人通婚的。因而自己就限制住了夺取育龄妇女的特权——他们是统治民族,自然有这样的优势。然后,满人女子又要优先供应皇族和贵人,使得普通满人男子娶妻的机会相对减小,而且满人女子优先供应皇族、贵人的制度,又人为的推迟了她们的婚育年龄(选秀分配再没人要是个漫长的过程)。
而八旗世袭兵的体制,又让处于生育年龄的八旗大爷兵四处奔波(虽然他们老打败仗,可是满清皇帝还是喜欢动用他们),减少和妻子同房的机会。
最后。满人几乎全伙入关,一块儿住进北京城的举动,也让满人在很短的时间内“百分之百”的完成了城市化!而城市化的满人,也和后世城市化的其他人一样。遇到了人口出生率下降的问题。
几个原因叠加之后,满族作为统治民族,统治中国近300年后,到了宣统年,总人口也不过100多万。比金朝末年的女真人少太多了。而且大多集中在北京城——这座城市两度被帝国主义攻占。要是英法联军和八国联军来次北京大屠杀的话……满人恐怕就要绝种了!
至于世袭兵城市化后会变成什么样子,想想北宋汴梁的禁军和南宋临安的三衙兵就知道了!
“管人不管地是对的,我不能把辽东、辽西的地分给一百多万鞑子,就是分给他们也不会种,最多分给他们一小部分,还要和汉人杂居。”陈德兴的手指轻轻敲打着案几,低声道:“不过按照蒙古的办法分100个千户有点多了。”
他顿了一下,放沉了声音:“不必把辽东、辽西的各种鞑子都算进去。孤王的意思,就分封八个旗。”
“八个旗?”赵复一愣,“每旗十几万人?是不是多了?”
陈德兴痴笑一声:“每旗那里会有十几万人?那还不逆天了?孤王的士才五万。鞑子的旗人怎么能有一百多万?”
赵复和陆虎同时对望了一眼,陆虎问:“大王的意思是,旗人是……”
陈德兴笑道:“旗人是鞑子的贵族,相当于我们的‘士’。”
鞑子也是要有贵族的!要都是三等鞑子,谁来指挥,谁来压迫,谁来当奴,谁来当主?边是如今蒙古治下的北地,三等汉中还有汉军世侯,后来的满清也有科举士大夫为助。至于四等汉的时代也有八千万兄弟。
“旗人应该是最精悍,最勇敢的鞑子武士,应该是各部落的勇士。凡是能选上旗人,子孙后代也都是旗人身份。高过普通鞑子,立功之后就能转成一等汉,再立功可以封士,一切待遇和武士等同。另外,只要选上旗人就可以分配田庄农奴,普通旗兵不另外支饷。除了入旗时赐予的甲械,今后所用之武器盔甲马匹都需要自备。”
陈德兴思索着道:“旗人的数量不用太多,最多五万便够了。每一个旗人都和我们的士一样,由孤王册封,向孤王效忠。但是他们同时还要服从各自的都统、协领、参领、佐领、领催等各级旗人官员。各旗的官员都是支薪的,都由旗人中的首脑人物出任,咱们的汉士不要去抢人家的饭碗。最低等的旗人称马甲,便是骑兵的意思。步兵、炮兵和海军自有咱们汉人去做,用不着旗人,旗人只当骑兵便可。也不必配属大炮、火器,要求弓马娴熟,敢于冲杀!”
辽东这里的山野鱼猎之民虽然不及蒙古牧民善于骑射,但是比起汉地的农民还是强不少的。至少上手快,骑马、养马、骑射的本事不成问题,只需要进行列阵冲杀的训练,再装备上相应的精良装备,便能很快组成用于冲阵的精锐骑兵了。
和后世蒙古还有满清的要求不同,拥有青铜大炮,天雷箭和枪弩兵的北伐军不缺乏中远程投射火力,所以不要去旗人马兵善射,而是要他们将冲击、肉搏作为主要作战手段。在步炮兵用火力重创对手后,以骑兵冲击溃敌,以骑兵追击歼敌!
当然,陈德兴组建八旗兵,还有一个目的。就是用五万户旗人去压迫奴役十数万户乃至更多的鞑虏——同时,这些被奴役的鞑虏也是旗人为陈德兴作战的报酬。
陈德兴侃侃而道:“至于选不上旗人的鞑子,则分配给旗人和咱们的武士当农奴,称旗奴或农奴!旗奴除了种地放牧之外,也可以随主子出战充当辅兵,立功后也可以抬旗。今后凡是八旗兵出战所获的鞑子人口、牲畜和财货,全都由各旗根据旗人甲士的功劳大小分配。以此激励作战!”
后世满清入关之前,这个强盗集团便是通过集团抢掠和论功分赃的办法鼓励作战的!同样的,成吉思汗的壮大,也和一个相对公平的分赃方案有关。而陈德兴的“封士封田”同样也是一个比较公平的分赃方案。
赵复皱起眉头,反复斟酌着陈德兴的方案,努力寻找着不妥之处:“大王,那诸鞑子部落怎么办?这八旗制度和部落是什么关系?”
陈德兴笑着点点头,自己这谋士的眼光还是不错的,一眼就看出八旗制度的另一个好处了。
“部落当然要拆散了!”陈德兴嗤笑一声,“不拆散部落,哪儿来的旗人?今后辽东、辽西的鞑子,除蒙古人外,就整成八个旗,正黄、正红、正白、正蓝、镶黄、镶红、镶白、镶蓝,强者抬旗,弱者为奴。各部落的首领,归顺我们的,便编入八旗为官,不归顺的,杀了就是!”
实行八旗制度,当然要打破固有的利益垄断,用一个更加公平的战利品分配方案来鼓励作战了。实际上,所有的政治改革,从根本上说,都是一个打破固有利益垄断重建新的利益分配规则的过程。
成吉思汗的千户制是这样,后世的八旗制也是如此,赵宋的以文御武同样推翻了之前藩镇割据,武人横行的局面。而陈德兴抬高武人地位,搞以武取士,大封武士,同样也是一场推倒重来式的变革,目的自然也是要激励将士力战以对应这个华夏将倾的世道。
而要将关外散乱的各种鞑子,凝聚成一架战争机器,当然也要打破原有的部落体制,要不然在战场上得到什么好处,都被部落首领吞掉了。下面的战士没有多少利益,又如何肯效死力?
而且,拆散部落,代之以八旗之后,陈德兴对鞑子武士的控制能力也更强了,因为八旗组织之下就是作为个体的鞑子,而不是作为团体的部落。这样,陈德兴在用的着八旗武士的时候,可以将之变成一个吸收精壮鞑子的载体。而在使用完了以后,又可以将之固化,调入大城市驻防,就如满清对待八旗兵丁那样,用不了一代人,鞑子的精华就全都养成小市民了。
只是这个搞法,那些既得利益的部落首领能答应吗?赵复很有些疑惑,眉头越皱越紧。
陈德兴却扫了眼墨影娘,女神棍道:“大王神迹已显,辽东蛮荒之民,皆愿追随。大王若要建八旗合部落,便是神谕法旨,谁敢不从?”
陈德兴一笑:“也无须人人跟从,只要有一部分精壮鞑子肯跟我们干,八旗便能草创,万事难在开头,只要八旗的制度建立起来,再慢慢扩大就是了。”
这就是当神的好处,汉地之人很难成为蛮荒之主。但是汉地之神,若是神迹彰显,蛮荒的无知之民如何不敬畏拜服?历史上的满清是怎么搞定蒙古蛮子的?还不是靠西藏的大喇嘛?陈德兴现在的“神迹”可比大喇嘛厉害多了,会飞的,还有杀人如麻的大筒法器。还怕鞑子不服?(未完待续。)
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